!! Version 3.0 !! !! Deutscher Text siehe scc_ger.doc (Vorsicht: veraltet!) !! !! Please note that the information in this document may be hopelessly !! outdated. !! !! BTW: REAL programmers don't document... !! SCC.C - Linux driver for Z8530 based HDLC cards for AX.25 ******************************************************************** Copyright 1993-1997 by Joerg Reuter DL1BKE portions (c) 1993 Guido ten Dolle PE1NNZ for the complete copyright notice see >> Copying.Z8530DRV << ******************************************************************** 0. Quickstart ============= To compile the utilities, type make dep ; make sccinit - reads /etc/z8530drv.conf and initializes the driver sccstat - shows the status of a channel sccparam - sets KISS parameters for a channel It will install these utilities in /sbin/ and an example configuration file as /etc/z8530drv.conf.ex. Rename this file to /etc/z8530drv.conf and edit it according to chapter 1.2. Please note that since version 3.0 of this driver the driver itself does not come with this package (hence the package name "z8530drv-*.*-utils.tar.gz"). ===== Now configure the Linux kernel to prepare the compilation of the driver. If you are using menuconfig or xconfig select: Network device support Radio network interfaces (CONFIG_NET_RADIO): "Y" Z8530 SCC driver for AX.25 (CONFIG_SCC): "Y" or "M" Do not forget to select other AX.25 devices you probably need, and do not forget to include the kernel AX.25 / NET/ROM / Rose stuff as well. Please read the AX.25-HOWTO for details. Save your new kernel configuration and either rebuild your kernel now (if you selected "Y" for CONFIG_SCC), or rebuild your modules (if you selected "M"). 1. Initialization of the driver =============================== To use the driver, 3 steps must be performed: 1. if compiled as module: loading the module 2. Setup of hardware, MODEM and KISS parameters with sccinit 3. Attach each channel to the Linux kernel AX.25 with "ifconfig" Unlike the versions below 2.4 this driver is a real network device driver. If you want to run xNOS instead of our fine kernel AX.25 use a 2.x version (available from above sites) or read the AX.25-HOWTO on how to emulate a KISS TNC on network device drivers. 1.1 Loading the module ====================== (If you're going to compile the driver as a part of the kernel image, skip this chapter and continue with 1.2) Before you can use a module, you'll have to load it with insmod scc please read 'man insmod' that comes with modutils. You should include the insmod in one of the /etc/rc.d/rc.* files, and don't forget to insert a call of sccinit after that. It will read your /etc/z8530drv.conf. 1.2. /etc/z8530drv.conf ======================= To setup all parameters you must run /sbin/sccinit from one of your rc.*-files. This has to be done BEFORE you can "ifconfig" an interface. Sccinit reads the file /etc/z8530drv.conf and sets the hardware, MODEM and KISS parameters. A sample file is delivered with this package. Change it to your needs. The file itself consists of two main sections. 1.2.1 configuration of hardware parameters ========================================== The hardware setup section defines the following parameters for each Z8530: chip 1 data_a 0x300 # data port A ctrl_a 0x304 # control port A data_b 0x301 # data port B ctrl_b 0x305 # control port B irq 5 # IRQ No. 5 pclock 4915200 # clock board BAYCOM # hardware type escc no # enhanced SCC chip? (8580/85180/85280) vector 0 # latch for interrupt vector special no # address of special function register option 0 # option to set via sfr chip - this is just a delimiter to make sccinit a bit simpler to program. A parameter has no effect. data_a - the address of the data port A of this Z8530 (needed) ctrl_a - the address of the control port A (needed) data_b - the address of the data port B (needed) ctrl_b - the address of the control port B (needed) irq - the used IRQ for this chip. Different chips can use different IRQs or the same. If they share an interrupt, it needs to be specified within one chip-definition only. pclock - the clock at the PCLK pin of the Z8530 (option, 4915200 is default), measured in Hertz board - the "type" of the board: SCC type value --------------------------------- PA0HZP SCC card PA0HZP EAGLE card EAGLE PC100 card PC100 PRIMUS-PC (DG9BL) card PRIMUS BayCom (U)SCC card BAYCOM escc - if you want support for ESCC chips (8580, 85180, 85280), set this to "yes" (option, defaults to "no") vector - address of the vector latch (aka "intack port") for PA0HZP cards. There can be only one vector latch for all chips! (option, defaults to 0) special - address of the special function register on several cards. (option, defaults to 0) option - The value you write into that register (option, default is 0) You can specify up to four chips (8 channels). If this is not enough, just change #define MAXSCC 4 to a higher value. Example for the BayCom USCC: ---------------------------- chip 1 data_a 0x300 # data port A ctrl_a 0x304 # control port A data_b 0x301 # data port B ctrl_b 0x305 # control port B irq 5 # IRQ No. 5 (#) board BAYCOM # hardware type (*) # # SCC chip 2 # chip 2 data_a 0x302 ctrl_a 0x306 data_b 0x303 ctrl_b 0x307 board BAYCOM An example for a PA0HZP card: ----------------------------- chip 1 data_a 0x153 data_b 0x151 ctrl_a 0x152 ctrl_b 0x150 irq 9 pclock 4915200 board PA0HZP vector 0x168 escc no # # # chip 2 data_a 0x157 data_b 0x155 ctrl_a 0x156 ctrl_b 0x154 irq 9 pclock 4915200 board PA0HZP vector 0x168 escc no A DRSI would should probably work with this: -------------------------------------------- (actually: two DRSI cards...) chip 1 data_a 0x303 data_b 0x301 ctrl_a 0x302 ctrl_b 0x300 irq 7 pclock 4915200 board DRSI escc no # # # chip 2 data_a 0x313 data_b 0x311 ctrl_a 0x312 ctrl_b 0x310 irq 7 pclock 4915200 board DRSI escc no Note that you cannot use the on-board baudrate generator off DRSI cards. Use "mode dpll" for clock source (see below). This is based on information provided by Mike Bilow (and verified by Paul Helay) The utility "gencfg" -------------------- If you only know the parameters for the PE1CHL driver for DOS, run gencfg. It will generate the correct port addresses (I hope). Its parameters are exactly the same as the ones you use with the "attach scc" command in net, except that the string "init" must not appear. Example: gencfg 2 0x150 4 2 0 1 0x168 9 4915200 will print a skeleton z8530drv.conf for the OptoSCC to stdout. gencfg 2 0x300 2 4 5 -4 0 7 4915200 0x10 does the same for the BayCom USCC card. I my opinion it is much easier to edit scc_config.h... 1.2.2 channel configuration =========================== The channel definition is divided into three sub sections for each channel: An example for scc0: # DEVICE device scc0 # the device for the following params # MODEM / BUFFERS speed 1200 # the default baudrate clock dpll # clock source: # dpll = normal halfduplex operation # external = MODEM provides own Rx/Tx clock # divider = use fullduplex divider if # installed (1) mode nrzi # HDLC encoding mode # nrzi = 1k2 MODEM, G3RUH 9k6 MODEM # nrz = DF9IC 9k6 MODEM # bufsize 384 # size of buffers. Note that this must include # the AX.25 header, not only the data field! # (optional, defaults to 384) # KISS (Layer 1) txdelay 36 # (see chapter 1.4) persist 64 slot 8 tail 8 fulldup 0 wait 12 min 3 maxkey 7 idle 3 maxdef 120 group 0 txoff off softdcd on slip off The order WITHIN these sections is unimportant. The order OF these sections IS important. The MODEM parameters are set with the first recognized KISS parameter... Please note that you can initialize the board only once after boot (or insmod). You can change all parameters but "mode" and "clock" later with the Sccparam program or through KISS. Just to avoid security holes... (1) this divider is usually mounted on the SCC-PBC (PA0HZP) or not present at all (BayCom). It feeds back the output of the DPLL (digital pll) as transmit clock. Using this mode without a divider installed will normally result in keying the transceiver until maxkey expires --- of course without sending anything (useful). 2. Attachment of a channel by your AX.25 software ================================================= 2.1 Kernel AX.25 ================ To set up an AX.25 device you can simply type: ifconfig scc0 44.128.1.1 hw ax25 dl0tha-7 This will create a network interface with the IP number 44.128.20.107 and the callsign "dl0tha". If you do not have any IP number (yet) you can use any of the 44.128.0.0 network. Note that you do not need axattach. The purpose of axattach (like slattach) is to create a KISS network device linked to a TTY. Please read the documentation of the ax25-utils and the AX.25-HOWTO to learn how to set the parameters of the kernel AX.25. 2.2 NOS, NET and TFKISS ======================= Since the TTY driver (aka KISS TNC emulation) is gone you need to emulate the old behaviour. The cost using these programs is that you probably need to compile the kernel AX.25, regardless if you actually use it or not. First setup your /etc/ax25/axports, for example: 9k6 dl0tha-9 9600 255 4 9600 baud port (scc3) axlink dl0tha-15 38400 255 4 Link to NOS Now "ifconfig" the scc device: ifconfig scc3 44.128.1.1 hw ax25 dl0tha-9 You can now axattach a pseudo-TTY: axattach /dev/ptys0 axlink and start your NOS and attach /dev/ptys0 there. The problem is that NOS is reachable only via digipeating through the kernel AX.25 (disasterous on a DAMA controlled channel). To solve this problem, configure "rxecho" to echo the incoming frames from "9k6" to "axlink" and outgoing frames from "axlink" to "9k6" and start: rxecho Or simply use "kissbridge" coming with this package: ifconfig scc3 hw ax25 dl0tha-9 kissbridge scc3 /dev/ptys0 There's a similar program called net2kiss coming with the AX.25 utilities which does basicly the same (but the source looks better than mine...) and is better documented. 3. Adjustment and Display of parameters ======================================= 3.1 Displaying SCC Parameters: ============================== Once a SCC channel has been attached, the parameter settings and some statistic information can be shown using the param program: dl1bke-u:~$ sccstat scc0 Parameters: speed : 1200 baud txdelay : 36 persist : 255 slottime : 0 txtail : 8 fulldup : 1 waittime : 12 mintime : 3 sec maxkeyup : 7 sec idletime : 3 sec maxdefer : 120 sec group : 0x00 txoff : off softdcd : on SLIP : off Status: HDLC Z8530 Interrupts Buffers ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Sent : 273 RxOver : 0 RxInts : 125074 Size : 384 Received : 1095 TxUnder: 0 TxInts : 4684 NoSpace : 0 RxErrors : 1591 ExInts : 11776 TxErrors : 0 SpInts : 1503 Tx State : idle The status info shown is: Sent - number of frames transmitted Received - number of frames received RxErrors - number of receive errors (CRC, ABORT) TxErrors - number of discarded Tx frames (due to various reasons) Tx State - status of the Tx interrupt handler: idle/busy/active/tail (2) RxOver - number of receiver overruns TxUnder - number of transmitter underruns RxInts - number of receiver interrupts TxInts - number of transmitter interrupts EpInts - number of receiver special condition interrupts SpInts - number of external/status interrupts Size - maximum size of an AX.25 frame (*with* AX.25 headers!) NoSpace - number of times a buffer could not get allocated An overrun is abnormal. If lots of these occur, the product of baudrate and number of interfaces is too high for the processing power of you computer. NoSpace errors are not likely caused by the driver or the kernel AX.25. 3.2 Setting Parameters ====================== The setting of the channel access parameters is done in the same way as a KISS TNC. You can change parameters by using the kissparms program from the ax25-utils package or use the program "sccparam": sccparam You can change the following parameters: param : value ------------------------ speed : 1200 txdelay : 36 persist : 255 slottime : 0 txtail : 8 fulldup : 1 waittime : 12 mintime : 3 maxkeyup : 7 idletime : 3 maxdefer : 120 group : 0x00 txoff : off softdcd : on SLIP : off The parameters have the following meaning: speed: The baudrate on this channel in bits/sec Example: sccparam scc3 speed 9600 txdelay: The delay (in units of 10ms) after keying of the transmitter, until the first byte is sent. This is usually called "TXDELAY" in a TNC. When 0 is specified, the driver will just wait until the CTS signal is asserted. This assumes the presence of a timer or other circuitry in the MODEM and/or transmitter, that asserts CTS when the transmitter is ready for data. A normal value of this parameter is 30-36. Example: sccparam scc0 txd 20 persist: This is the probability that the transmitter will be keyed when the channel is found to be free. It is a value from 0 to 255, and the probability is (value+1)/256. The value should be somewhere near 50-60, and should be lowered when the channel is used more heavily. Example: sccparam scc2 persist 20 slottime: This is the time between samples of the channel. It is expressed in units of 10ms. About 200-300 ms (value 20-30) seems to be a good value. Example: sccparam scc0 slot 20 tail: The time the transmitter will remain keyed after the last byte of a packet has been transferred to the SCC. This is necessary because the CRC and a flag still have to leave the SCC before the transmitter is keyed down. The value depends on the baudrate selected. A few character times should be sufficient, e.g. 40ms at 1200 baud. (value 4) The value of this parameter is in 10ms units. Example: sccparam scc2 4 full: The full-duplex mode switch. This can be one of the following values: 0: The interface will operate in CSMA mode (the normal half-duplex packet radio operation) 1: Fullduplex mode, i.e. the transmitter will be keyed at any time, without checking the received carrier. It will be unkeyed when there are no packets to be sent. 2: Like 1, but the transmitter will remain keyed, also when there are no packets to be sent. Flags will be sent in that case, until a timeout (parameter 10) occurs. Example: sccparam scc0 fulldup off wait: The initial waittime before any transmit attempt, after the frame has been queue for transmit. This is the length of the first slot in CSMA mode. In fullduplex modes it is set to 0 for maximum performance. The value of this parameter is in 10ms units. Example: sccparam scc1 wait 4 maxkey: The maximal time the transmitter will be keyed to send packets, in seconds. This can be useful on busy CSMA channels, to avoid "getting a bad reputation" when you are generating a lot of traffic. After the specified time has elapsed, no new frame will be started. Instead, the trans- mitter will be switched off for a specified time (parameter min), and then the selected algorithm for keyup will be started again. The value 0 as well as "off" will disable this feature, and allow infinite transmission time. Example: sccparam scc0 maxk 20 min: This is the time the transmitter will be switched off when the maximum transmission time is exceeded. Example: sccparam scc3 min 10 idle This parameter specifies the maximum idle time in fullduplex 2 mode, in seconds. When no frames have been sent for this time, the transmitter will be keyed down. A value of 0 is has same result as the fullduplex mode 1. This parameter can be disabled. Example: sccparam scc2 idle off # transmit forever maxdefer This is the maximum time (in seconds) to wait for a free channel to send. When this timer expires the transmitter will be keyed IMMEDIATELY. If you love to get trouble with other users you should set this to a very low value ;-) Example: sccparam scc0 maxdefer 240 # 2 minutes txoff: When this parameter has the value 0, the transmission of packets is enable. Otherwise it is disabled. Example: sccparam scc2 txoff on group: It is possible to build special radio equipment to use more than one frequency on the same bad, e.g. using several receivers and only one transmitter that can be switched between frequencies. Also, you can connect several radios that are active on the same band. In these cases, it is not possible, or not a good idea, to transmit on more than one frequency. The SCC driver provides a method to lock transmitters on different interfaces, using the "param group " command. This will only work when you are using CSMA mode (parameter full = 0). The number must be 0 if you want no group restrictions, and can be computed as follows to create restricted groups: is the sum of some OCTAL numbers: 200 This transmitter will only be keyed when all other transmitters in the group are off. 100 This transmitter will only be keyed when the carrier detect of all other interfaces in the group is off. 0xx A byte that can be used to define different groups. Interfaces are in the same group, when the logical AND between their xx values is nonzero. Examples: When 2 interfaces use group 201, their transmitters will never be keyed at the same time. When 2 interfaces use group 101, the transmitters will only key when both channels are clear at the same time. When group 301, the transmitters will not be keyed at the same time. Don't forget to convert the octal numbers into decimal before you set the parameter. Example: (to be written) softdcd: use a software dcd instead of the real one... Useful for a very slow squelch. Example: sccparam scc0 soft on 4. Problems =========== If you have tx-problems with your BayCom USCC card please check the manufacturer of the 8530. SGS chips have a slightly different timing. Try Zilog... A solution is to write to register 8 instead to the data port, but this won't work with the ESCC chips. *SIGH!* A very common problem is that the PTT locks until the maxkeyup timer expires, although interrupts and clock source are correct. In most cases #define SCC_DELAY solves the problems. For more hints read the (pseudo) FAQ and the documentation coming with z8530drv-utils. I got reports that the driver has problems on some 386-based systems. (i.e. Amstrad) Those systems have a bogus AT bus timing which will lead to delayed answers on interrupts. You can recognize these problems by looking at the output of Sccstat for the suspected port. See if it shows under- and overruns you own such a system. Delayed processing of received data: This depends on - the kernel version - kernel profiling compiled or not - a high interrupt load - a high load of the machine --- running X, Xmorph, XV and Povray, while compiling the kernel... hmm ... even with 32 MB RAM ... ;-) Or running a named for the whole .ampr.org. domain on an 8 MB box... - using information from rxecho or kissbridge. Kernel panics: please read to /linux/README and find out if it really occurred within the scc driver. If you cannot solve a problem, send me - a description of the problem, - information on your hardware (computer system, scc board, modem) - your kernel version - the output of cat /proc/net/z8530 4. Thor RLC100 ============== Mysteriously this board seems not to work with the driver. Anyone got it up-and-running? 5. Appendix =========== The fullduplex mode 3 works as follows: 1. The protocol layer sends a KISS command [PARAM_RTS] [TX_ON] to key up the transmitter. Then it sends the data frame(s) to the driver. When all frames are sent, the driver will send the KISS command [PARAM_HWEVENT] [HWEV_ALL_SENT]. The protocol layer may now key down the transmitter with [PARAM_RTS] [TX_OFF] or send more frames. Note that the maxkeyup timer may expire and key down the transceiver before everything is sent. 2. The driver sends [PARAM_HWEVENT] [HWEV_DCD_ON] or [PARAM_HWEVENT] [HWEV_DCD_OFF] if the status of the DCD changes. 3. The protocol layer can send [PARAM_HWEVENT] 0 the driver will reply with one of the DCD status messages. Note that KISS command doesn't necessarily mean that the enclosed data is SLIP encoded. In network driver mode the driver does not encode/decode SLIP, but it will still distinguish between a data and a command packet by the leading byte, just like in 'real' KISS mode. Note that this feature may vanish without a notice. 6. Thanks ========= Many thanks to everyone who contributed to this project with ideas, error reports and bug fixes. Special thanks to Linus Torvalds and Alan Cox for including the driver in the Linux standard distribution and their support. Joerg Reuter ampr-net: dl1bke@db0pra.ampr.org AX-25 : DL1BKE @ DB0ACH.#NRW.DEU.EU Internet: jreuter@lykos.oche.de